دوستان عزیز

Essential expressions for managing a project in English

Whether you're a project manager or just a member of a project team, you can't avoid all the project management lingo flying around in offices around the world today. The problem is many of these expressions can't even be found in the dictionary. Just rely on our project management guide to learn today's office talk for tomorrow's projects!

Define the scope One of the first steps in project management is to determine the impact and the boundaries of a project, in other words creating the project scope. The scope should provide a description of the end products expected to be produced by the project.

Establish a timeline Next you should decide the time frame that specifies when each step of the project should be completed. By creating a timeline you will be able to know if you are on schedule throughout the life of the project.

Specify target outcomes How do you gauge the success of your project? It's important to specify target outcomes, or desired results that have measurable benefits, to use in determining your success

Determine necessary outputs Take time to think about the products, services, and business or management practices, otherwise known as outputs, that you will need in place in order to achieve your target outcomes.

Put a project team together People are the key to the success of your project. Select capable employees to take part in the project team - the team of people working together to accomplish the project - assigning appropriate roles to each.

Record milestones When members of the project team complete a scheduled key activity or task, make sure it is recorded. Milestones are either completed or not completed, and they can serve as a progress marker for the project.

Create baseline metrics Progress and performance should be evaluated using baseline metrics, which are a set of indicators that performance should be measured against.

Set a budget cost Determine how much you anticipate the project will cost, and set a budget cost at the start of the project. Later, you can refine your budget and make it more detailed.

Produce deliverables In order to ensure satisfaction of contractual requirements, you'll need to produce deliverables, such as reports or products that must be completed and delivered. Make sure they are produced on time!

Execute risk management In every project, there will always be risks, or threats that may hinder the successful completion of the project. A good project manager will execute risk management processes by identifying, analyzing, evaluating and treating potential risks

The Top 10 Confusing English Words

The Top 10 Confusing English Words   Should you accept an invitation or except one? Do you eat dessert or desert after your meal? English is full of confusing words. Here are some tips on using the right word at the right time!   dessert and desert Dessert is a sweet dish, while the desert is hot, dry and full of sand.   accept and except To accept means to receive or agree to something, while except means excluding.   there and their The former is an adverb of place while the latter is a possessive pronoun e.g. Their house is over there.   principle and principal Principles are beliefs, values or basic truths, while principal means the head of a school, or the main thing.   advice and advise The former is a noun while the latter is a verb, so you can advise someone by giving them good advice.   borrow and lend To borrow means to receive something as a loan, while to lend means to give something as a loan. E.g. Can I borrow your car? Sorry, I can't lend it to you today . despite and although These have a similar meaning but are used differently. Despite is a preposition while although is a conjunction. E.g. He won the race despite his injury. He won the race although he had an injury.   affect and effect The former is a verb while the latter is a noun, e.g. The effect of the war is enormous; it has affected all sectors of the economy.   personal and personnel Your personal details include your name, age and nationality, while personnel means the employees of a company.   assure and ensure To assure someone means to remove doubt or reassure them, while ensure means to make certain that something happens. E.g. I assured him that you would be there, so please ensure that you get to the meeting on time.

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 روز معلم بر همه دبیران عزیز و زحمت کش ایران مبارک باد

ضمايم پرسشي (Question Tags)

ضمايم پرسشي پرسشهاي کوتاهي هستند که به انتهاي يک جمله (در انگليسي محاوره‌اي) افزوده مي‌شوند.

به جملات زير دقت کنيد:

• You are a teacher, aren't you?
    (شما يك معلم هستيد، اينطور نيست؟)

• Farhad works hard, doesn't he?
    (فرهاد سخت کار مي‌کند، اينطور نيست؟)

در مثالهاي بالا aren't you و doesn't he ضمايم پرسشي هستند.

قواعد ساختن ضمايم پرسشي

1- ضمايم پرسشي از دو کلمه ساخته مي‌شوند: يک ضمير فاعلي پس از يک فعل کمکي:

2- فاعل آن با فاعل جمله اصلي مطابقت مي‌کند:

• Jim plays football, doesn't he?

• The students will be arriving soon, won't they?

3- فعل کمکي آن با فعل کمکي جمله اصلي مطابقت مي‌کند، با اين تفاوت که:

الف- اگر جمله اصلي مثبت باشد، «ضميمه پرسشي» منفي، و اگر جمله اصلي منفي باشد «ضميمه پرسشي» مثبت خواهد بود.

• It wasn't an interesting film, was it?

• They will finish their job, won't they?

• You wouldn't tell anyone, would you?

ب- اگر هيچ نوع فعل کمکي در جمله اصلي وجود نداشت از does، do و يا did (با توجه به زمان جمله) استفاده مي‌کنيم:

• She plays the piano, doesn't she?

• You look well today, don't you?

• You sold your car, didn't you?

در بيشتر ديکشنريهاي امروزي براي نشان دادن تلفظ کلمات از سيستم IPA استفاده مي‌شود. در جدول زير همه علائم و نشانه‌هاي IPA آورده شده است. به علامت‌ها و کلمه‌هاي نمونه دقت کنيد و با کليک روي Amer (انگليسي آمريکايي) يا Brit (انگليسي بريتانيايي) تلفظ آنها را بشنويد (با فرمت mp3). تلفظ بريتانيايي نيز آنجا که با تلفظ آمريکايي تفاوت آشکاري دارد، آورده شده است.

حروف بی‌صدا  IPA words listen bad, lab Amer did, lady Amer find, if Amer give, flag Amer how, hello Amer yes, yellow Amer cat, back Amer leg, little Amer man, lemon Amer no, ten Amer sing, finger Amer pet, map Amer red, try Amer sun, miss Amer she, crash Amer tea, getting Amer check, church Amer think, both Amer this, mother Amer voice, five Amer wet, window Amer zoo, lazy Amer pleasure, vision Amer just, large Amer

حروف صدا‌دار  IPA words listen cup, luck Amer arm, father Amer / Brit cat, black Amer met, bed Amer away, cinema Amer turn, learn Amer / Brit hit, sitting Amer see, heat Amer hot, rock Amer / Brit call, four Amer / Brit put, could Amer blue, food Amer five, eye Amer now, out Amer go, home Amer where, air Amer / Brit say, eight Amer near, here Amer / Brit boy, join Amer pure, tourist Amer / Brit

1- در و و ... ، در انگليسي بريتانيايي تلفظ نمي‌شود، مگر اينکه قبل از يک حرف بي‌صدا بيايد (مثلاً در answering و answer it). اما در انگليسي آمريکايي هميشه تلفظ مي‌شود. 2- در انگليسي آمريکايي بجاي تلفظ مي‌شود. 3- بسياري از آمريکايي‌ها () و را به يک شکل تلفظ مي‌کنند.

زمان حال ساده

ساختار

کاربرد

زمان حال ساده يکي از متداول‌ترين زمانها در زبان انگليسي مي‌باشد که براي مقاصد زير مورد استفاده قرار مي‌گيرد:

1- براي بيان عملي که هميشه تکرار مي‌شود، مانند يک عادت يا رسم:

2- براي بیان حقیقتی که همیشه یا معمولاً درست است:

• The earth orbits the sun.

• I come from Iran.

• Some animals migrate in winter. (بعضي از حيوانات در زمستان مهاجرت مي‌کنند.)

3- براي بيان حقيقتي که براي مدتي (طولاني) دوام داشته باشد:

• I work in a shop.

• She lives in a small cottage.

زمان حال ساده اغلب با قيدهاي تکرار مورد استفاده قرار مي‌گيرند. مهمترين قيدهاي تکرار (frequency adverbs) عبارتند از: never     rarely     sometimes     often     usually     always 0%................................. 50% .................................100% I usually play football with my friends. I never go shopping. sometimes she plays piano for us.

نکاتي در مورد هجي (verb + s)

1- افعالي که به x, ch, sh, ss و o ختم مي‌شوند، به جاي es ، s مي‌گيرند:

kisses, washes, watches, does, boxes

2- افعالي که به y ختم مي‌شوند و قبل از آن حرف بي‌صدايي بيايد، y به ies تبديل مي‌شود:

try, tries     hurry, hurries     fly, flies

ولي آن دسته از افعالي که به y ختم مي‌شوند و قبل از آن يک حرف صدادار وجود دارد، تنها يک s مي‌گيرند:

plays, buys, enjoys

زمان حال استمراري

ساختار

کاربرد

1- براي بيان عملي که هم‌اکنون جريان دارد:

• She is watching the TV.

• He is working at the moment.

2- براي بيان عملي يا موقعيتي که در حال حاضر در حال وقوع مي‌باشد، اما الزاماً در همين زمان صحبت کردن در حال رخ دادن نيست:

• I'm reading an exciting book.

• He is learning Arabic.

(توجه داشته باشيد که مثلاً در جمله‌ اول، شخص گوينده ممکن است در همين لحظه مشغول مطالعه کتاب باشد و يا اينکه ممکن است منظورش اين باشد که مدتي است مشغول مطالعه کتاب است ولي هنوز تمام نشده است.)

3- براي بيان قراري تعيين شده در آينده:

• I am meeting him at the park.

4- براي بيان كار يا شرايطي موقتي:

• I'm living in a small flat now, but I'm trying to find a better one.
  (در حال حاضر در يک آپارتمان کوچک زندگي مي‌کنم، اما دارم سعي مي‌کنم يک بهترش را پيدا کنم)

نكاتي در مورد هجي (افعال ing دار)

1- افعالي که به يک e ختم مي‌شوند، آن e حذف مي‌شود:

come, coming     take, taking     write, writing

ولي در مورد افعالي که به ee ختم مي‌شوند، اين قاعده صدق نمي‌کند:

agree, agreeing     see, seeing

2- در افعال يک بخشي (يک هجايي) که داراي يک حرف صدادار و يک حرف بي‌صدا مي‌باشند، حرف بي‌صداي آخر تکرار مي‌شود:

running, stopping, getting

ولي چنانچه حرف بي‌صداي آخر y يا w باشد، تکرار نمي‌شود:

زمان حال كامل

ساختار

جملات مثبت و منفي: past participle (قسمت سوم فعل) have ('ve) have not (haven't) I, you, we, they has ('s) has not (hasn't) he, she, it جملات پرسشي: past participle (قسمت سوم فعل)? I, you, we, they have he, she, it has   چند مثال: We've been to Paris. He hasn't lived in Paris. Have you met him yet?

کاربرد

1- براي بيان عملي که در گذشته آغاز شده و همچنان ادامه دارد:

• I have studied English since 1990. (از سال 1990 به مطالعه انگليسي پرداخته‌ام)

• She's lived in Tehran for 10 years. (او به مدت 10 سال در تهران زندگي کرده است)

• How long have you lived in Tehran? (چه مدتي در تهران زندگي کرده‌ايد؟)

• I've lived in Tehran all my life. (همه عمرم را در تهران زندگي کرده‌ام)

توجه‌ داشته ‌باشيد که در زمان حال کامل، غالباً از اصطلاحات زماني خاصي مانند since و for استفاده مي‌شود. for نشان دهنده دوره‌اي از زمان است که تا کنون ادامه داشته است، ولي since با مقطعي از زمان به کار مي‌رود و به معني «از آن زمان تا کنون» مي‌باشد: seven o'clock since a year I have been here for 1980 two months September three hours last week ten minutes

2- براي بیان تجربه‌اي که در زماني در زندگي شخصي اتفاق افتاده است. در واقع اين عمل در گذشته روي داده و به پايان رسيده است، اما آثار آن هنوز محسوس است. اين که اين عمل يا تجربه چه موقعي روي داده، مهم نيست:

• I have never been to England. (من هرگز به انگلستان نرفته‌ام)

• She has had several operations up to now. (تا کنون چندين عمل جراحي داشته است)

• He's written a lot of short stories.(او داستانهاي کوتاه زيادي نوشته است)

3- براي بيان عملي که در گذشته نزديک اتفاق افتاده ولي اثر آن در زمان حال مشاهده مي‌شود. در اين حالت از yet، already، still و just بسيار استفاده مي‌کنيم:

از already بيشتر در جملات مثبت و از yet  بيشتر در جملات منفي و پرسشي استفاده مي‌شود.

• I've just had a sandwich. (من تازه يک ساندويچ خورده‌ام)

• I've already seen the movie. (اين فيلم را قبلاً ديده‌ام)

• The bus hasn't arrived yet. (اتوبوس هنوز نرسيده است)

• I still hasn't finished my homework. (هنوز تکاليفم را تمام نکرده‌ام)

1- اگر ارتباطي با زمان حال موجود نيست (مثلاًچيزهايي که مدتها قبل اتفاق افتاده‌اند) از حال کامل استفاده نکنيد. Hafiz was a Persian poet. He wrote many poems. but: My father is a writer. He has written many books. در مثال اول از گذشته ساده استفاده کرديم تا نشان دهيم که او (حافظ) ديگر شعر نمي‌نويسد، ولي در مثال دوم براي اينکه نشان دهيم که او هنوز کتاب مي‌نويسد از حال کامل استفاده کرديم. 2- ما از حال کامل براي ارائه اطلاعات جديد استفاده مي‌کنيم. ولي اگر بخواهيم به صحبتمان درباره آن ادامه دهيم، معمولاً از گذشته ساده استفاده مي‌کنيم: A: "Ben has broken his leg." B: "Really? How did that happen?" A: "He fell off a ladder."

showing, enjoying

زمان گذشته ساده

ساختار

منفي work... play... hear... didn't did not I, we, you, he, she, ...

پرسشي work...? play...? hear...? I, we, you, he, she, ... Did

کاربرد

گذشته ساده در موارد زير کاربرد دارد:

1- براي بيان کاري که در گذشته و زمان مشخصي به پايان رسيده است:

• We met last week.

• He left yesterday.

2- براي بیان کارهايي که پشت سرهم در يک ماجرا يا داستان مي‌آيند:

• I walked into my room and sat down. Suddenly I heard a noise coming from outside. I got up and went towards the window...

3- براي بيان عادت يا شرايطي در گذشته:

• When he was a child, they lived in a cottage in the jungle.

• Every day he walked in the jungle to....

 

نکاتي در مورد هجي (verb + ed)

1- هنگاميکه فعلي به e ختم مي‌شود، فقط d اضافه مي‌کنيم:

loved, hated, used

2- افعال يک هجايي (يک بخشي) که به ترتيب شامل يک حرف صدادار و يک حرف بي‌صدا مي‌باشند، حرف بي‌صداي آخر تکرار مي‌شود:

stopped, planned, robbed

ولي اگر دو حرف صدادار وجود داشته باشد، حرف بي‌صداي آخر تکرار نمي‌شود:

looked, cooked, seated

اگر حرف بي‌صداي آخر y يا w باشد نيز تکرار نمي‌شود:

played, rowed, showed

 

 

                                                        

 

زمان گذشته استمراري

 

ساختار

جملات پرسشي: eating? playing? talking? I,  he, she, it was wasn't you, we, they were weren't

جملات مثبت و منفي: walking playing fishing was wasn't I,  he, she, it were weren't you, we, they

 

کاربرد

از زمان گذشته استمراري بيشتر براي بيان کارهايي استفاده مي‌شود که در گذشته اتفاق افتاده و مدتي ادامه داشته‌اند ولي حدود زماني آنها به طور دقيق مشخص يا مهم نيست.

در اغلب موارد گذشته استمراري همراه با گذشته ساده بکار مي‌رود. در چنين حالتي، گذشته استمراري بر کارها و فعاليتهاي طولاني‌تر (در پس‌زمينه) دلالت مي‌کند، در حالي که گذشته ساده بر کارها و فعاليتهايي دلالت مي‌کند که در ميانه کارهاي طولاني‌تر واقع شده‌اند.

 

 

بطور کلي «گذشته استمراري» در موارد زير بکار مي‌رود:

1- براي بيان کاري که قبل از زمان خاصي در گذشته آغاز شده و احتمالاً پس از آن نيز ادامه داشته است:

• 'What were you doing at 6.00?'  'I was having breakfast.'
  (.ساعت 6 چکار مي‌کرديد؟ داشتم صبحانه مي‌خوردم)

 

2- براي بیان کار يا فعاليتي در گذشته که به وسيله چيزي قطع شده باشد:

• The phone rang when I was watching TV.
  (.وقتي داشتم تلويزيون تماشا مي‌کردم، تلفن زنگ زد)

• While I was driving home, my car broke down.
  (.هنگاميکه داشتم به خانه بر مي‌گشتم، ماشينم خراب شد)

 

3- براي بيان کار يا فعاليتي به پايان نرسيده در زمان گذشته (در مقايسه با گذشته ساده که کارهاي کامل شده را بيان مي‌کند):

• I was reading a book during the flight. (I didn't finish it)

• but: I read a book during the flight. (I finished it)

 

 

                                                     

 

زمان گذشته كامل

 

ساختار

جملات مثبت و منفي: past participle (قسمت سوم فعل) had ('d) had not (hadn't) I, you, we, they he, she, it جملات پرسشي: past participle (قسمت سوم فعل)? I, you, we, they he, she, it had hadn't

 

کاربرد

ما از زمان گذشته کامل استفاده مي‌کنيم تا نشان دهيم عملي پيش از عمل ديگري در گذشته اتفاق افتاده است (گذشته در گذشته). در واقع گذشته کامل معادل گذشته‌ی زمان حال کامل است. (با گذشته ساده مقايسه کنيد)

 

به مقايسه بين زمانهاي حال کامل و گذشته کامل توجه کنيد:

گذشته کامل	حال کامل
* We weren't hungry. We'd just had dinner.  * I didn't know who he was. I'd never seen him before.	* We aren't hungry. We've just had dinner. * Who is that man? I've never seen him before.

 

چند مثال ديگر از زمان گذشته کامل:

• It was the first time he had ever seen a tiger.

• When I arrived at the cinema, the film had already begun.

• She didn't want to go to the theatre with the others because she'd seen the play before.

 

مقايسه بين گذشته كامل و گذشته ساده

به تفاوت ميان جملات زير دقت کنيد:

• When I arrived home, my wife went out.

• but: When I arrived home, my wife had gone out.

 

                                             

 

                                                                                                                        

زمانهاي مربوط به آينده

در زبان انگليسي براي بيان زمان آينده از افعال و حالتهاي مختلفي استفاده مي‌شود که آنها را به ترتيب اهميت در زير مي‌بينيد:

1. will + verb

2. be + going to + verb

3. Present Progressive (حال استمراری)

4. will + be + verb-ing و فرمهاي ديگر

 

---

1- will + verb

از فعل کمکي will براي نشان دادن آينده در جهت‌هاي زير استفاده مي‌شود:

الف- پيش‌بيني: براي توصيف چيزي که مي‌دانيم، يا انتظار داريم که اتفاق بيفتد:

• It will be rainy tomorrow.
   (فردا هوا باراني خواهد بود)

• You will be sick if you eat all those sweets.
   (اگر همه آن شيريني‌ها را بخوري مريض مي‌شوي)

ب- بيان تصميمي كه درست در همان لحظه گرفته شده است:

• I will answer the phone.
  (من تلفن را جواب مي‌دهم)

• I'll see you tomorrow. bye!
  (فردا مي‌بينمت.خداحافظ)

 

2- be + going to + verb

الف- از اين ساختار براي بيان برنامه‌ها و تصميماتي که از قبل گرفته شده‌اند، استفاده مي‌شود:

• We're  going to paint this room blue.
  (ما مي‌خواهيم اين اتاق را آبي بزنيم)

• I'm going to be a doctor.
  (مي‌خواهم يک دکتر بشوم)

ب- همچنين از اين ساختار مي‌توان براي بيان يک پيشگويي، مخصوصاً وقتي که براساس مدرکي در زمان حال باشد، استفاده نمود.

• She's going to have a baby. (Because she's pregnant)
  (او قرار است كه يك بچه بدنيا بياورد)

• It's going to rain. (It's cloudy)
  (مي‌خواهد باران ببارد)

بعضي اوقات تفاوتي بين will و be going to براي يك پيش‌بيني وجود ندارد.

براي بيان تصميمي که از قبل گرفته شده است از ساختـار be going to و بيان تصميمي که درست در همان لحظه گرفته شده است از will استفاده مي‌کنيم.

 

3- حال استمراري (Present Progressive)

از حال استمراري براي بيان يک برنامه يا يک قرار بين افراد در آينده استفاده مي‌شود و معمولاً به آينده نزديک اشاره دارد:

• I'm meeting my friend this evening.
  (امروز بعدازظهر دوستم را ملاقات مي‌کنم)

• They are driving to Scotland at the weekend.
  (آنها آخر هفته به اسکاتلند مي‌روند)

گاهي اوقات تفاوتي نمي‌کند که براي بيان يک برنامه يا قرار از حال استمراري و يا از ساختار be going to استفاده شود، به عنوان مثال:

• We're going to see a play tonight.
  or: We're seeing a play tonight.

 

4- راه‌هاي ديگر بيان آينده

راه‌هاي ديگري نيز براي صحبت درباره‌ آينده وجود دارد، به عنوان مثال:

a) Will + be + verb-ing

• Next week I'll be talking about how to use a microscope.
  (هفته آينده درباره نحوه استفاده از ميکروسکوپ صحبت خواهم کرد)

b) Be + to + verb

• Iranian president is to visit Russia.
  (رئيس جمهور ايران از روسيه بازديد مي‌کند)

c) Be + about + to + verb

• The mayor is about to announce the result of election.
  (شهردار به زودي نتايج انتخابات را اعلام خواهد کرد)

 

                                             

 

                                                     من                                                            

ادامه مطلب

لینک نوشته | نوشته شده در ساعت 0:35 توسط : آرزو/ریحانه

ADDRESS

Where is the friend's house?" It was dawn"

when the rider asked     

.The sky paused

The passerby bestowed the ray of light between his lips

.onto the darkness of sands    

:And pointing his finger to a poplar tree,he said

Not far from the tree"

There is an alley greener than the slumber of God

.Where love is as blue as the Feathers of Honesty

Walk to the end of alley emerging

.from beyond Maturty

.Take a turn towards the Flower of Solitude

.Two steps to the flower

.Stay at the foot of eternal jet of the earth's myths

.Then a transparent fear will encompass you

:In the flowing intimacy of space , you will hear a rustle

You will behold a child

.On a tall plane tree picking a young bird

.from the Nest of Light   

Ask him

".Where the friend's house is

WATER

.Let's not muddy the stream

Down the stream a pigeon seems to be drinking

.Or perhaps in some farther thicket, a goldfinch is washing its plumage

.Or perhaps in some hamlet a jar is being filled

.let's not muddy the stream

This stream is perhaps running to the foot of a poplar tree to wash away

. the sorrows of some lonely heart

.A dervish is perhaps dipping a piece of dry bread into the stream

.A lovely lady has come to the lip of the stream

.Let's not muddy the stream

.Beauty is doubled

!What delicious water

!How clear a stream

!How cordial are the people in the upper hamlet

!May their streams jet out! May their cows give prodigious milk

.Never have i visited their hamlet

.There must be God's footprints at the foot of their hedges

.There, moonshine must be brightening over the expanse of speech

.Fences,must be low un the upper hamlet

.Its inhabitants surely know what a flower the peony is

.There,blue must be blue

.some bud is blossoming; the hamlet inhabitants are aware of it

!What a glorious hamlet it must be

!May its alleyways overflow with music

!The people at the mouth of the stream appreciate water

.They have not muddied the stream

.No should we

JOKE

                         THE ENGLIS Alphabet                                      

             how many letters are there in "the English alphabet " ?

            Answer:18! : 3 in "the" , 7 in " English " , and 8 in " alphabet                

What Am I

Ihave 12 legs, 12 arms , and 8 heads .what am I ?

Answer: Aliar !

Letters

What starts with P, ends with E, and has millions of letters ?

Answer: the post office!

One Letter

What word begins with e, ands  with e , and has one letter ?

Answer : Envelope.

What is the longest word in the English language?

Answer: smiles . because there is a wile between it's first and  last letters .

  Yyur

What what does it wean ?yyur

Answer : too wise you are      

A man was injewcted with a deadly poison but it did not kill him why?

Dead  

The traffic lights 

What did the traffic lights say to thed car ?

Ansowr: don't look now .  

I'm changing .